sábado, 23 de enero de 2010

Categoría:Faraones (1407)SC - Parte 2ª



Categoría:Faraones (1407)SC - Parte 2ª


Anjunnefer


B


Baefra (español) (1356)SC
Baefra (inglés) (1356)SC

Youtube


Bardiya - Inglés
Berenice I de Egipto (Nov 2009)
Berenice II de Egipto (Nov 2009)
Berenice III (Nov 2009)
Berenice IV de Egipto
Bnon


C


Mortuary Temple - Inglés
Casa del millón de años - Español
Casa del millón de años - Español
Cambises II (1995)EA
Cambyses II (1995)EA
Cesarión
Cleopatra (357)EA
Cleopatra IV
Cleopatra VII
Cleopatra VII - ingles


D


Darío I
Darío II
Darío III
Dedumes (Dic 2009)
Den - Dinastía I, c. 2914-2867 adC (1320)SC
Dendera (Nov 2009)
Dyedefhor (1355)SC
Dyedefptah (1359)SC
Dyedefra (1353)SC
El rey Dyedefrê (1294)SC
Dyedkara Isesi - Español (Dic 2009)
Djedkare Isesi - Inglés (Dic 2009)
Dyedkara Shemai (1382)SC
Dyedkara Shemai (1382)SC
Dyehuti (Dic 2009)
Faraón Dyer - Dinastía I, c. 2974-2927 adC (1317)SC



Youtube



Dyet - Djet - Dinastía I, c. 2927-2914 adC (1319)SC

Zoser (1272)SC
El secreto de la larga vida del carbono-14 - Faraón Zoser (1272)SC
Zoser (Dic 2009)
Dyeser o Zoser (Dic 2009)
Dyet - Djet - Dinastía I, c. 2927-2914 adC (1319)SC


3297SC Horus Escorpión I - Scorpion I



Youtube





Pharaoh Horemheb

I

949/Imhotep
877/Imhotep
359EA - Imeretnebes

K

356EA - Kiya
Dr. Kara Cooney - Egyptologist


M

Faraón Merytneith - Dinastía I (1318)SC
Mortuary Temple - Inglés
Casa del millón de años - Español
Merytneit (3247)SC


N

Faraón Narmer - Dinastía I - c. 3050 adC. (1290)SC

362EA - Nefertiti
3246/Nefertiti
3241/Neferusobek_o_Sobekneferu
3245/Nitocris
Nome (country subdivision)


Q


Faraón Qaa - Dinastía I, c. 2853-2828 adC (1322)SC

R

Piedra de Rosetta - Español
Piedra de Rosetta
Rosetta Stone - Inglés

S

Faraón Semerjet - Dinastía I, c. 2861-2853 adC (1321)SC
Shabaka Stone - Inglés
Piedra de Shabako - Español
Piedra de Shabako


T

Tiye (360)EA
Tausert o Twosret (3244)SC
Tutankamon - Tutanjamon (354)SC
Tutankamón y el mundo de los faraones (1100)SC
Tutmosis III (355)EA


V

Valle de las Reinas (1092)SC



Dinastía 00

3297SC Horus Escorpión I - Scorpion I



Dinastía 0

1116 Dinastía 0 - Alto Egipto - Periodo protodinástico de Egipto

1289SC Horus Escorpión II - King Scorpion - Dinastía 0 - 3100 adC.

  • MONASTERIO DE SANTA CRISTINA (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1289)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coluGDLJ9Rk
  • MONASTERIO DE XUNQUEIRA DE ESPADAÑEDO (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1289)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNa8EfMeqWM

    Dinastía I - (c. 3050–2830 adC)

    986SC Periodo arcaico de Egipto

    1290 Faraón Narmer - Dinastía I - c. 3050 adC.

  • MONASTERIO DE MONTEDERRAMO (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1290)SC - http://www.youtube.com/v/CbPIrzXji4k
  • MONASTERIO DE SAMOS (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1290)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MegoCU45Evs
    1294 Faraón Aha - Dinastía I - c. 3007-2975 adC

  • Great Pyramid Mystery Solved? (NationalGeographic) (1294)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lasCXujNPfs
  • Lost Tomb of Alexander (NationalGeographic) (1294)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OboQ5pyWmsk
    1317SC Faraón Dyer - Dinastía I, c. 2974-2927 adC

  • MONASTERIO DE OIA (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1317)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjANSUD5_QE
  • MONASTERIO DE XUNQUEIRA DE AMBIA (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1317)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpHV285HeAk
    1318SC Faraón Merytneith - Dinastía I

    1319SC Dyet - Djet - Dinastía I, c. 2927-2914 adC

  • MONASTERIO DE FERREIRA DE PANTON (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1319)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GPIurQ1YkI
  • MONASTERIO DE SAN ROSENDO (XOANARCODAVELLA) (1319)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-TLNeg5f6E
    1320SC Faraón Den - Dinastía I, c. 2914-2867 adC
    1293SC Faraón Adyib - Dinastía I - c. 2867 - 2861 adC.
  • The Kush Empire (NationalGeographic) (1293)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b86XE3TbXg0
  • The Real Cleopatra (NationalGeographic) (1293)SC - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xy__qnbqGZs
    1321SC Faraón Semerjet - Dinastía I, c. 2861-2853 adC
    1322SC Faraón Qaa - Dinastía I, c. 2853-2828 adC

    Dinastía II - (c. 2830–2680 adC)

    1323SC Faraón Hetepsejemuy - Dinastía II, c. 2828-2800 adC
    1324SC Faraón Nebra - Dinastía II, c. 2800-2785 adC
    1325SC Faraón Nynecher - Dinastía II, c. 2785-2742 adC
    1326SC Faraón Uneg - Dinastía II, c. 2742-2735 adC
    1327SC Faraón Sened (faraón) - Dinastía II, c. 2735-2724 adC
    1328SC Faraón Sejemib - Dinastía II, c. 2734-2714 adC
    1329SC Faraón Jasejem - Dinastía II, c. 2700 adC
    1330SC Faraón Jasejemuy - Dinastía II, c. 2709-2682 adC

    Dinastía III - (c. 2680–2610 adC)

    1109/Imperio_Antiguo_de_Egipto
    1332SC Faraón Sanajt - Dinastía III, c. 2682 - 2665 adC
    1272SC Faraón Zoser - Dinastía III, c. 2665 - 2645 adC
    1333SC Faraón Sejemjet - Dinastía III, c. 2645 - 2638 adC
    1334SC Faraón Jaba - Dinastía III, c. 2638 adC
    1335SC Faraón Neferkara-Nebkara - Dinastía III, c. 2638 - 2614 adC
    1336SC Faraón Qa-hedyet - Dinastía III
    1337SC Faraón Huny - Dinastía III, c. 2637 y 2613 adC

    Dinastía IV - (c. 2610–2480 adC)

    1351SC Faraón Seneferu - Dinastía IV, c. 2614 a 2579 adC
    1352SC Faraón Keops o Jufu - Dinastía IV, c. 2579 y 2556 adC
    1353SC Faraón Dyedefra - Dinastía IV, c. 2556 a 2547 adC
    1354SC Faraón Kefrén ó Jafra - Dinastía IV, c. 2547 a 2521 adC
    1355SC Faraón Dyedefhor - Dinastía IV, c. 2521 adC
    1356SC Faraón Baefra - Dinastía IV, c. 2521 a 2514 adC
    1357SC Faraón Micerino o Menkaura - Dinastía IV, c. 2514 adC a 2486 adC
    1358SC Faraón Shepseskaf - Dinastía IV, c. 2486 a 2479 adC
    1359SC Faraón Dyedefptah - Dinastía IV, c. 2479 a 2477 adC

    # Faraona Jentkaus I - Dinastía IV, esposa del rey Userkaf de la Gran mastaba en Giza

    Dinastía V - (c. 2480–2320 adC)

    1360SC Faraón Userkaf - Dinastía V, c. 2479 a 2471 adC
    1361SC Faraón Sahura - Dinastía V, c. 2471 - 2458 adC
    1362SC Faraón Neferirkara - Dinastía V, c. 2458 a 2438 adC
    1363SC Faraón Shepseskara - Dinastía V, c. 2438 a 2431 adC
    1364SC Faraón Neferefra - Dinastía V, c. de 2431 a 2420 adC
    1365SC Faraón Nyuserra - Dinastía V, c. 2420 a 2380 adC
    1366SC Faraón Menkauhor - Dinastía V, c. 2389 a 2380 adC
    1367SC Faraón Dyedkara-Isesi o Dyedkara - Dinastía V, c. 2380 a 2342 adC
    1368SC Faraón Unis - Dinastía V, c. 2342 a 2322 adC

    Dinastía VI - (c. 2320–2190 adC)

    1331SC Faraón Teti - Dinastía VI, c. 2322 a 2312 adC
    1370SC Faraón Userkara - Dinastía VI, c. 2312 a 2310 adC
    1371SC Faraón Meryra Pepy o Pepy I - Dinastía VI, c. 2310 a 2260 adC
    1372SC Faraón Merenra I - Dinastía VI, c. 2260 a 2254 adC
    1373SC Faraón Neferkara Pepy o Pepy II - Dinastía VI, c. 2254 a 2194 adC
    1374SC Faraón Merenra II - Dinastía VI, c. 2194 a 2193 adC
    1375SC Faraón Nitocris - Dinastía VI, c. 2193 a 2191 adC

    Dinastía VII - (c. 2190–2170 adC)

    1110/Primer_periodo_intermedio_de_Egipto
    Según Manetón hubo 70 reyes en 70 días (número simbólico que significa innumerables reyes en muy poco tiempo).
    1378SC Faraón Necherkara - Dinastía VII, c. 2175 adC
    1379SC Faraón Menkara - Dinastía VII, c. 2175 adC
    1380SC Faraón Neferkara II - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1381SC Faraón Neferkara Neby - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1382SC Faraón Dyedkara Shemai - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1383SC Faraón Neferkara Jendu - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1384SC Faraón Merenhor - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1385SC Faraón Neferkamin - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1386SC Faraón Nikara - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1387SC Faraón Neferkara Tereru - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1388SC Faraón Neferkahor - Dinastía VII, c. 2170 adC
    1390SC Dinastía VIII - (c. 2170–2150 adC)

    Soberanos según la Lista Real de Abidos

    1391SC Faraón Neferkara Pepyseneb - Dinastía VIII, c. 2170 adC
    1392SC Faraón Neferkamin Aanu - Dinastía VIII, c. 2170 adC
    1393SC Faraón Kakaura Ibi - Dinastía VIII, c. 2165 adC
    1394SC Faraón Neferkaura - Dinastía VIII, c. 2165 adC
    1395SC Faraón Neferkauhor - Dinastía VIII, c. 2165 adC
    1396SC Faraón Neferirkara II - Dinastía VIII, c. 2160 adC
    1397SC Dinastía IX - (c. 2150–2100 adC)

    Según Manetón, en la versión de Julio Aficano, hubo diecinueve reyes de Heracleópolis, que reinaron 409 años. En versión de Eusebio: cuatro reyes de Heracleópolis, que reinaron 100 años. Son reyes poco conocidos cuyos nombres figuran en el Canon Real de Turín:

    1398SC Faraón Jety I - Dinastía IX, c. 2150 adC
    1399SC Faraón Merykara I - Dinastía IX, c. 2150 adC
    1400SC Faraón Neferkara III - Dinastía IX, c. 2140 adC
    1401SC Faraón Jety II - Dinastía IX, c. 2140 adC
    1402SC Faraón Senen... - Dinastía IX, c. 2130 adC
    1403SC Faraón Jety III - Dinastía IX, c. 2130 adC
    1404SC Faraón Jety IV - Dinastía IX, c. 2120 adC
    1405SC Faraón Shed...y - Dinastía IX, c. 2120 adC
    1406SC Faraón H... - Dinastía IX, c. 2110 adC
    1411SC Dinastía X (c. 2100–2040 adC)

    Según Manetón: fueron diecinueve reyes de Heracleópolis que reinaron durante 185 años. Gran parte del conocimiento de estos gobernantes proviene de los Decretos de Coptos. Sus nombres figuran en el Canon Real de Turín, aunque está muy dañado.

    1412SC Faraón Jety V - Dinastía X, c. 2100 adC
    1413SC Faraón Mery... - Dinastía X, c. 2090 adC
    1414SC Faraón Se...ra Jety - Dinastía X, c. 2080 adC
    1415SC Faraón Jety VI - Dinastía X, c. 2070 adC
    1416SC Faraón Jety VII - Dinastía X, c. 2060 adC
    1417SC Faraón Merykara - Dinastía X, c. 2050 adC

    Imperio Medio de Egipto (1113)SC
    Faraón Akenatón - Dinastía XVIII - c. 1353/2 a 1338/6 adC (1295)SC
    Faraón Ramsés II - Dinastía XIX de Egipto - 66 años, de c. 1279 a 1213 adC (1157)SC
    Faraón Seti I - Dinastía XIX (1274)SC


    • Dinastía de Egipto (1408)SC

    Dinastía I de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía II de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía III de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía IV de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía V de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía VI de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía VII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía VIII de Egipto (1390)SC
    Dinastía IX de Egipto (1397)SC
    Dinastía X de Egipto (1411)SC
    Dinastía XI de Egipto (2139–1991 adC) (1418)SC
    Dinastía XI de Egipto (2139–1991 adC) (1418)SC
    Dinastía XII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XIII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XIV de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XV de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XVI de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XVII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XVIII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XIX de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XX de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXI de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXIII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXIV de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXV de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXVI de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXVII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXVIII de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXVIII de Egipto - Español (Dic 2009)EG
    Twenty-eighth dynasty of Egypt - Inglés (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXIX de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXIX de Egipto - Español (Dic 2009)EG
    Twenty-ninth dynasty of Egypt - Inglés (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXX de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXXI de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía XXXI de Egipto - Español (Dic 2009)EG
    History of Persian Egypt - Inglés (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía Macedónica de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía Macedónica de Egipto - egiptologia (Dic 2009)EG
    Dinastía Ptolemaica (Dic 2009)EG
    Egipto (provincia romana) (Dic 2009)EG
    Egypt (Roman province) (1121)SC
    Dinastía 00 (1117)SC
    DINASTÍAS I - XXXI (882)SC
    Dinastías de Egipto (1408)SC
    Dynasties of ancient Egypt (1408)SC
    Dinastías de Egipto 1 (1408)SC
    Dinastías de Egipto 2 (1408)SC

    Periodos de Egipto



    Periodo protodinástico de Egipto (1116)SC

    Protodynastic Period of Egypt (1116)SC
    Periodo arcaico de Egipto (986)SC
    Periodo predinástico de Egipto (992)SC
    Periodo arcaico de Egipto (986)SC
    Imperio Antiguo de Egipto (Dic 2009)EG
    Primer periodo intermedio de Egipto (1110)SC
    Imperio Medio de Egipto (1113)SC
    Segundo periodo intermedio de Egipto (1112)SC
    Imperio Nuevo de Egipto (1105)SC
    Tercer periodo intermedio de Egipto (1119)SC
    Periodo tardío de Egipto (1118)SC
    Período helenístico de Egipto (Nov 2009)EG
    Periodo helenístico de Egipto (1120)SC
    Antiguo Egipto (987)SC
    Egipto durante el III Milenio
    Alto Egipto (991)SC
    Egipto Medio (994)SC
    Bajo Egipto (995)SC
    Antiguo Egipto (1108)SC
    Ancient Egypt (3248)SC
    Museo Egipcio de El Cairo (Dic 2009)EG
    Casa del millón de años (Dic 2009)EG
    Category:Egyptian Museum (Cairo) (Dic 2009)EG
    Piedra de Rosetta (Dic 2009)EG
    Ramesseum
    [Amanuense] Egyptian Chronology Project Symposium
    Museo Egipcio de El Cairo
    Zoser


    ANEXO

    Category:Ancient Egyptian literature (3330)SC
    Literatura del Antiguo Egipto (3330)SC
    Pirámide de Micerino (3330)SC
    Conjunto funerario de Kefrén (3330)SC
    Antiguo Egipto (1108)SC
    Faraones Negros - Egipto MAPAS (1095)SC
    Faraones_Negros (1093)SC
    Nubia los reinos del Nilo (1099)SC
    Kushitas y Saítas (1097)SC
    USHEBTIS TRABAJADORES PARA LA ETERNIDAD (1096)SC
    Relieves - Bajo y Altorrelieves (175)EA
    Alto y Bajo relieve (177)EA
    Deir el-Bahari (1090)SC
    La Necrópolis de Amarna. Las tumbas de los nobles (336)EA
    Pirámide de Dyedefra (174)EA
    Pirámide de Djed-ef-re (176)EA
    Categoría:Manuscritos (1123)SC
    Papiro de Ipuur (1111)SC
    Códice de Alepo (196)SC
    Historia de Egipto (1122)SC
    History of Egypt (3249)SC
    Batalla de Kadesh (1103)SC
    Egiptólogos - Victor Rivas (333)EA
    Mejoras a Wiki (3439)SK
    http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ranking_de_creaciones
    S.S. Juan Pablo II (3430)SK
    Reinas de Egipto (1408)SC
    Faraones de Egipto - Tabla de contenidos (1408)SC
    Lugares de peregrinación (1408)SC
    El cristianismo en el mundo (1408)SC

    Categoría:Faraones (1407)SC - Parte 1ª





    Página PRINCIPAL
    OBRAS y AUTORES CLÁSICOS
    Agradecimientos
    Cuadro General

    Disculpen las Molestias








    Religión Católica (2020)SK | PAPAS - POPES



    Del 1 al 50 | Del 50 al 100 | Del 100 al 150 | Del 150 al 200 | Category:Popes - Categoría:Papas | Category:Roman Catholicism | Catolicismo | PAPAS - POPES | Pope o Papas | List of popes | Listado de Papas desde Pedro hasta el presente | Category:Popes | Catholic religious orders
    IGLESIA DE ESPAÑA: GALICIA |

    Otros Apartados


    Main: SWAMIS | Sri Garga-Samhita | Oraciones Selectas al Señor Supremo | Archivo Cervantes | · Mejoras · Catholics


    Nota: JC: http://juancastaneira.multiply.com | SC: http://sricaitanyadas.multiply.com | SK: http://srikrishnadas.multiply.com | EA: http://elagua.multiply.com | EA2: http://elagua2.multiply.com | CA: http://casaindiasricaitanyamahaprabhu.blog.com
    Publicado por en No hay comentarios:
    Etiquetas:

    Artaxerxes III

    Artaxerxes IIIOneRiotYahooAmazonTwitterdel.icio.us

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    Artaxerxes III
    (Artaxšaçrā)
    Great King (Shah) of Persia
    Reign 358–338 BC
    Coronation Pasargadae, February or March 358 BC[1]
    Full name Artaxerxes III Ochus
    Titles Great King (Shah) of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt, Shahanshah, King of Kings, king of countries, king of this earth[2]
    Died 26 August/25 September 338 BC[1](aged Ca. 87)
    Buried Persepolis
    Predecessor Artaxerxes II (Persia)
    Nectanebo II (Egypt)
    Heir Apparent Artaxerxes IV
    Successor Artaxerxes IV
    Offspring Artaxerxes IV of Persia
    Dynasty Achaemenid
    Father Artaxerxes II of Persia
    Mother Stateira

    Artaxerxes III of Persia (Ca. 425 BC – 338 BC) (Old Persian: ��������������,[3] transliterated as Artaxšaçā), was the Great King (Shah) of Persia and the eleventh Emperor of the Achaemenid Empire and the first Pharaoh of the 31st dynasty of Egypt. He was the son and successor of Artaxerxes II and was succeeded by his son, Arses of Persia (also known as Artaxerxes IV). His reign coincided with the reign of Philip II in Macedon and Nectanebo II in Egypt.

    Before ascending the throne Artaxerxes was a satrap and commander of his father's army. Artaxerxes came to power after one of his brothers was executed, another committed suicide, the last brother was murdered and his father, Artaxerxes II died at the age of 86. Soon after becoming king, Artaxerxes murdered all of the royal family to secure his place as emperor. He started two major campaigns against Egypt. The first campaign failed, and was followed up by rebellions throughout the western empire. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes defeated Nectanebo II, the Pharaoh of Egypt, driving him from Egypt, stopping a revolt in Phoenicia on the way.

    In Artaxerxes' later years, Philip II of Macedon's power was increasing in Greece, where he tried to convince the Greeks to revolt against Achaemenid Persia. His activities were opposed by Artaxerxes, and with his support, the city of Perinthus resisted a Macedonian siege. There is evidence for a renewed building policy at Persepolis in his later life, where Artaxerxes erected a new palace and built his own tomb but projects like the Unfinished Gate. According to a Greek source, Diodorus of Sicily, Bagoas poisoned Artaxerxes, but a cuneiform tablet (now in the British Museum) suggests that the king died from natural causes.[4]

    Contents

    [hide]

    [edit] Name

    Ochus was the name of Artaxerxes before ascending the throne; and Artaxerxees III (Old Persian:��������������, Artaxšaçrā, "he whose empire is well-fitted" or "perfected", or Arta:"honoured"+Xerxes:"a king" ("the honoured king"), according to Herodotus "the great warrior"[5][6]) was the throne name adopted by Ochus when he succeeded his father in 358 BC. He is generally referred to as Ochus, but in Iran he is known as Ardeshir III (اردشیر سوم Modern Persian form of Artaxerxes). In Babylonian inscriptions he is called "Umasu, who is called Artakshatsu". The same form of the name (probably pronounced Uvasu) occurs in the Syrian version of the Canon of Kings by Elias of Nisibis.[5]

    [edit] Early life and accession

    Main article: accession of Artaxerxes III

    Before ascending the throne Artaxerxes had been a satrap and commander of his father's army.[7] In 359, just before ascending the throne he attacked Egypt as a reaction to Egypt's failed attacks on coastal regions of Phoenicia.[8] In 358 BC his father, Artaxerxes II, died at the age of 86, apparently because of a broken heart caused by his children's behaviour, and, since his other sons, Darius, Ariaspes and Tiribazus had already been eliminated by plots, Artaxerxes III succeeded him as Emperor.[9] His first order was the execution of over 80 of his nearest relations to secure his place as emperor.[10]

    In 355 BC, Artaxerxes forced Athens to conclude a peace which required the city to leave Asia Minor and to acknowledge the independence of its rebellious allies.[11] Artaxerxes raised a campaign against the rebellious Cadusians, but he managed to appease both of the Cadusian kings. A successful character emerging from this campaign was Darius Codomannus, who later occupied the throne as Darius III. He then ordered the disbanding of all the satrapal armies of Asia Minor, as he felt that they could no longer garuantee peace in the west, and instead equipped the western satraps with the means to revolt.[12] The order was however ignored by Artabazus of Lydia, who asked for the help of Athens in a rebellion against the king. Athens sent the assistance to Sardis. Orontes of Mysia also came to Artabazus and the joined forces managed to defeat the forces sent by Artaxerxes in 354 BC. However, in 353 BC, they were defeated by Artaxerxes’ army and were disbanded. Orontes was pardoned by the king, while Artabazus fled to the safety of court of Philip II of Macedon.

    [edit] First Egyptian Campaign

    In around 351 BC, Artaxerxes embarked on a campaign to recover Egypt, which had revolted under his father, Artaxerxes II's rule. At the same time a rebellion had broken out in Asia Minor, which, being supported by Thebes, threatened to become serious.[1] Levying a vast army, Artaxerxes marched into Egypt, and engaged Nectanebo II. After a year of fighting the Egyptian Pharaoh, with the services of the Greek generals Diophantus and Lamius inflicted a crushing defeat on the Persians.[13] Artaxerxes was compelled to retreat and postpone his Egyptian enterprise.

    [edit] Rebellion of Cyprus and Sidon

    Soon after this defeat, leaders of Phoenicia, Asia Minor and Cyprus declared their independence. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes committed the suppression of the Cyprian rebels to Idrieus prince of Caria, who employed on the service of 8,000 Greek mercenaries and forty triremes, commanded by Phocion the Athenian, and Evagoras, son of the elder Evagoras, the Cypriot monarch.[14][15] Idrieus succeeded in reducing Cyprus. Artaxerxes initiated a counter-offensive against Sidon by deputing Belesys, satrap of Syria and Mezseus, satrap of Cilicia to invade the city and to keep the Phoenicians in check. Both suffered crushing defeats at the hands of Tennes, the Sidonese king, who was aided by 40,000 Greek mercenaries sent him by Nectanebo II and commanded by Mentor of Rhodes, and the Persian forces were driven out of Phoenicia.[15]

    After this, Artaxerxes proceeded against Sidon in person at the head of 330,000 men, comprising 300,000 foot soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, 300 triremes, and 500 transports or provision ships. After gathering this army, he directed his efforts towards obtaining efficient assistance from the Greeks. Though refused aid by Athens and Sparta, he succeeded in obtaining a thousand Theban heavy-armed hoplites under Lacrates, three thousand Argives under Nicostratus, and six thousand Æolians, Ionians, and Dorians from the Greek cities of Asia Minor. The assistance thus secured was numerically small, amounting to no more than ten thousand men, not a thirtieth part of his native force; but it formed, together with the Greek mercenaries from Egypt who went over to him afterwards, the force on which he placed his chief reliance, and to which the ultimate success of his expedition was mainly due.

    The approach of Artaxerxes shook the resolution of Tennes, who endeavoured to purchase his own pardon by delivering up a hundred of the principal citizens of Sidon into the hands of the Persian king, and then admitting him within the defences of the town. Artaxerxes caused the hundred citizens to be transfixed with javelins, and when 500 more came out as supplicants to entreat his mercy, relentlessly consigned them to the same fate. Sidon was then burnt to the ground, either by Artaxerxes or by the Sidonian citizens. Forty thousand people died in the conflagration.[15] Artaxerxes sold the ruins at a high price to speculators, who calculated on reimbursing themselves by the treasures which they might dig out from among the ashes.[16] Tennes was later put to death by Artaxerxes.[17] He later sent Jews who supported the revolt to Hyrcania the south coast of the Caspian Sea.[18][19]

    [edit] Second Egyptian Campaign

    See also: History of Achaemenid Egypt#The second Egyptian satrapy
    Head of Nectanebo II

    The reduction of Sidon was followed closely by the invasion of Egypt. In 343 BC, Artaxerxes, besides his 330,000 Asiatics, had now a force of 14,000 Greeks furnished by the Greek cities of Asia Minor; 4,000 under Mentor, consisting of the troops which he had brought to the aid of Tennes from Egypt; 3,000 sent by Argos; and 1000 from Thebes. He divided his numerous armament into three bodies, and placed at the head of each a Persian and a Greek. The Greek commanders were Lacrates of Thebes, Mentor of Rhodes, and Nicostratus of Argos and The Persians were Rhossaces, Aristazanes, and Bagoas, the chief of the eunuchs. Nectanebo II resisted with an army of 100,000 of whom 20,000 were Greek mercenaries. Nectanebo II occupied the Nile and its various branches with a numerous navy. The character of the country, intersected by numerous canals, and full of strongly fortified towns, was in his favour; and he might have been expected to make a prolonged, if not even a successful, resistance.[15]

    After his defeat, Nectanebo hastily fled to Memphis, leaving the fortified towns to the defence of their garrisons. These consisted of mixed troops, partly Greek and partly Egyptian; between whom jealousies and suspicions were easily sown by the Persian leaders. By these means the Persians rapidly reduced the secondary cities of Lower Egypt, and were advancing upon Memphis. when Nectanebo quit the country and fled southwards to Ethiopia.[15] The Persian army completely routed the Egyptians and occupied the Lower Delta of the Nile. After Nectanebo fled to Ethiopia. all of Egypt submitted to Artaxerxes and the Jews in Egypt were sent to the south coast of the Caspian Sea, where the Jews of Phoenicia were sent, and Babylon.

    After this victory, Artaxerxes had the city walls destroyed, started a reign of terror, and set about looting all the temples. Persia gained a significant amount of wealth from this looting. Aside from the immediate looting, Artaxerxes raised high taxes, and attempted to weaken Egypt enough that it could never revolt against Persia. For the 10 years that Persia controlled Egypt, religion was persecuted and sacred books were stolen.[20] Before he returned to Persia, he appointed Pherendares as satrap of Egypt. With the loot Artaxerxes amply rewarded his mercenaries and then returned to his capital with the glory of having successfully carried through the invasion of Egypt.

    [edit] Later years

    After his success in Egypt, Artaxerxes returned to Persia and spent the next few years effectively quelling insurrections in various parts of the Empire so that a few years from the conquest of Egypt, the Persian Empire was firmly entrenched in the grasp of the emperor. Egypt remained a part of the Persian Empire until Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt.

    Persian Empire at the beginning of Artaxerxes III's rule (green), and his conquests and suppressed rebellions(Dark grey)

    After the conquest of Egypt, there were no more revolts or rebellions against Artaxerxes. Mentor and Bagoas, the two generals who had most distinguished themselves in the Egyptian campaign, were advanced to posts of the highest importance. Mentor, who was governor of the entire Asiatic seaboard, exerted himself successfully to reduce to subjection the many chiefs who during the recent troubles had assumed an independent authority, and in the course of a few years brought the whole coast into complete submission and dependence. Bagoas was brought back to the capital with Artaxerxes, became the main figure in internal administration, and maintained tranquillity throughout the rest of the Empire. The last six years of the reign of Artaxerxes the Persian Empire was governed by a vigorous and successful government.[15]

    Tomb of Artaxerxes III at Persepolis

    Persian forces in Ionia and Lycia regained their control of the Aegean and the Mediterranean Sea and took over much of Athens’s former island empire. Isocrates of Athens started his speeches calling for a ‘crusade against the barbarians’ but there was not enough strength left in any of the Greek city-states to answer his call.[21] In 341 BC, Artaxerxes returned to Babylon, where he apparently proceeded to build a great Apadana whose description is present in the works of Diodorius.

    Although there weren't any rebellions in the Persian Empire itself, the growing power and territory of Philip II of Macedon in Macedon (against which Demosthenes was in vain warning the Athenians) attracted the consideration of Artaxerxes; and he ordered that Persian influence was to be used to check and depress the rising kingdom. In 340 BC, a force was consequently dispatched to assist the Thracian prince, Cersobleptes, to maintain his independence; and such effectual aid was given to the city of Perinthus that the numerous and well-appointed army with which Philip had commenced its siege was completely baffled and compelled to give up the attempt.[15] By the last year of Artaxerxes' rule Philip II already had plans for invasion of the Persian Empire, which would crown his career as world conqueror; But the Greeks did not unite with him.[22]

    In 338 BC Artaxerxes was poisoned by Bagoas with the assistance of a physician[23]

    [edit] Culture

    See also: Zoroastrianism, Mithra, and Anahita
    Historically, kings of the Achaemenid Empire were followers of Zoroaster or heavily influenced by Zoroastrian ideology.

    Historically, kings of the Achaemenid Empire were followers of Zoroaster or heavily influenced by Zoroastrian ideology. The reign of Artaxerxes II saw a revival of the cult of Anahita and Mithra, when in his building inscriptions he invoked Ahuramazda, Anahita and Mithra and even set up statues of his gods.[24] Mithra and Anahita had until then been neglected by true Zoroastrians; because they defied Zoroaster’s command that God was to be represented only by the flames of a sacred fire.[17][25] Artaxerxes III is thought to have rejected Anahita and worshipped only Ahuramazda and Mithra.[26] An ambiguity in the cuneiform script of an inscription of Artaxerxes III at Persepolis suggests that he regarded father and son as one person, suggesting that the attributes of Ahuramazda were being transferred to Mithra. Strangely, Artaxerxes had caused statues of the goddess Anâhita to be erected at Babylon, Damascus, and Sardis, as well as at Susa, Ecbatana, and Persepolis.[27]

    While Artaxerxes was in Egypt, he issued a large series of silver imitations of Athenian coinage. The issues of Artaxerxes are recognisable as such because his name appears on the reverse in a local Egyptian script. The inscription reads "Artaxerxes Pharaoh. Life, Prosperity, Wealth".[28]

    [edit] In literature

    It is thought by some that the Book of Judith could have been originally based on Artaxerxes' campaign in Phoenicia, as Holofernes was the name of the brother of the Cappadocian satrap Ariarathes, the vassal of Artaxerxes. Bagoas, the general that finds Holofernes dead, was one of the generals of Artaxerxes during his campaign against Phoenicia and Egypt.[29][30]

    [edit] Constructions

    The Unfinished Gate at Persepolis gave archaeologists an insight into the construction of Persepolis.
    See also: Persepolis

    There is evidence for a renewed building policy at Persepolis, but some of his constructions weren't finished due to his early death. Two of his constructions at Persepolis were the Hall of Thirty-Two Columns, which its purpose is unknown, and the palace of Artaxerxes III. The unfinished Army Road and Unfinished Gate, which connected the Gate of All Nations and the One-hundred Column Hall, gave archaeologists an insight into the construction of Persepolis.[1] His tomb was cut into the mountain behind the Persepolis platform, next to his father's tomb.

    The Nebuchadnezzar II palace in Babylon was expanded during the reign of Artaxerxes III.[31]

    [edit] Family

    Artaxerxes III was the son of Artaxerxes II and Statira. Artaxerxes II had more than 115 sons by many wives, most of them however were illegitimate. Some of Ochus' noticeable siblings were Rodogune, Apama, Sisygambis, Ocha, Darius and Ariaspes, most of them were murdered soon after his ascension.[21] Artaxerxes married his niece and the daughter of Oxathres, brother of the future king Darius III.[32] His children were Arses, the future king of Persia, Bisthanes, and Parysatis.[1]


    		Achaemenes
    King of Persia
    705 - 675















































    		Teispes
    King of Persia
    675 - 640




















































    		Ariaramnes
    Ruler of Persia*

    		Cyrus I
    Ruler of Anshan












































    		Arsames
    Ruler of Persia*

    		Cambyses I
    Ruler of Anshan












































    		Hystaspes
    Prince

    		Cyrus II
    King of Persia
    559 - 530



























































    		Darius I
    King of Persia
    522 - 486

    		Atossa
    Princess

    		Cambyses II
    King of Persia
    530 - 522

    		Smerdis
    Prince (imposter Gaumata ruled as Smerdis*)
    522

    		Artystone
    Princess
































    		Xerxes I
    King of Persia
    485 - 465



































    		Artaxerxes I
    King of Persia
    465 - 424

































































    Xerxes II
    King of Persia
    424

    		Sogdianus
    King of Persia
    424 - 423

    		Darius II
    King of Persia
    423 - 404

    		Arsites
    Prince

    		Parysatis
    Princess

    		Bagapaios
    Prince






















































    		Artaxerxes II
    King of Persia
    404 - 358

    		Amestris
    Princess

    		Cyrus the Younger
    Prince

    		Cyrus (IV)
    Prince




    		Ostanes
    Prince














































































    Artaxerxes III
    King of Persia
    358 - 338

    		Ocha
    Prince

    		Rodrogune
    Princess

    		Apama
    Princess

    		Sisygambis
    Princess

    		Arsames (II)
    Prince












































    Artaxerxes IV
    King of Persia
    338 - 336

    		Parysatis (II)
    Princess









    		Darius III
    King of Persia
    336 - 330

    		Oxathres
    Prince















































    		Stateira
    Princess

    		Alexander III
    King of Macedon and Persia




    * Unconfirmed rulers, due to the Behistun Inscription.


    An uncommonly known theory about Artaxerxes is that he is mistaken for Darius II, the son of Artaxerxes I, due to the fact that they share the same name, Ochus. The same theory also suggests that Persia's meddling in Greece was in fact a war against the Macedonians, and that, Artaxerxes drove the Macedonians to extremes and so they had to pay forty thousand pieces of gold and offer the hand of the King of Macedon's daughter to Artaxerxes. But Artaxerxes sent her back to her father because of her offensive breath. The theory further suggests that the daughter was pregnant with Artaxerxes' son, who is thought to be Alexander the Great.[33] This could be another explanation why Alexander adopted the Persian royal title of Shahanshah.

    Artaxerxes III
    Born: Ca. 425 BC Died: 338 BC
    Preceded by
    Artaxerxes II    		 Great King (Shah) of Persia
    358 BC – 338 BC    		 Succeeded by
    Artaxerxes IV Arses
    Preceded by
    Nectanebo II    		 Pharaoh of Egypt
    XXXI Dynasty
    343 BC – 338 BC

    [edit] See also

    [edit] References

    1. ^ a b c d e Lendering, Jona. "Artaxerxes III Ochus". Livius.Org. http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/artaxerxes/artaxerxes_iii_ochus.html. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
    2. ^ Lendering, Jona. "Livius Picture Archive: texts XPc and A3Pa". Livius.Org. http://www.livius.org/a/iran/persepolis/darius/palace2.html#A3pa. Retrieved March 8, 2008. "king of kings, the king of countries, the king of this earth"
    3. ^ Ghias Abadi, R. M. (2004) (in Persian). Achaemenid Inscriptions (کتیبه‌های هخامنشی)‎ (2nd edition ed.). Tehran: Shiraz Navid Publications. pp. 144. ISBN 964-358-015-6.
    4. ^ Lendering, Jona. "Artaxerxes IV Arses". http://www.livius.org/arl-arz/artaxerxes/artaxerxes_iv.html. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
    5. ^ a b "Artaxerxes". http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ARN_AUD/ARTAXERXES.html. Retrieved March 11 2008.
    6. ^ Smith, William (1867) [1842]. "Artaxerxes". in William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 1. Boston:Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 371. "Arta:"honoured"+Xerxes:"a king" ("the honoured king"), according to Herodotus "the great warrior""
    7. ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 323. ISBN 0567089983.
    8. ^ Lipschits, Oded (2007). Garry N. Knoppers, Rainer Albertz. ed. Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E.. EISENBRAUNS. pp. 87. ISBN 1575061309.
    9. ^ Rhodes, Peter J.. A History of the Classical Greek World: 478-323 BC. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 224. ISBN 0631225641. http://books.google.com/books?id=dKhOwYzZTxsC. Retrieved June 2008.
    10. ^ Lemprière, John; R. Willets (1984) [1788]. Classical Dictionary containing a full Account of all the Proper Names mentioned in Ancient Authors. Routledge. pp. 82. ISBN 0710200684.
    11. ^ Kjeilen, Tore. "Artaxerxes 3". http://lexicorient.com/e.o/artaxerxes3.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
    12. ^ Sekunda, Nick; Nicholas V. Sekunda, Simon Chew (1992). The Persian Army 560-330 BC: 560-330 BC. Osprey Publishing. pp. 28. ISBN 1855322501.
    13. ^ Miller, James M.; John Haralson Hayes(photographer) (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 465. ISBN 066421262X.
    14. ^ Newton, Sir Charles Thomas; R.P. Pullan (1862). A History of Discoveries at Halicarnassus, Cnidus & Branchidæ. Day & son. pp. 57.
    15. ^ a b c d e f g "Artaxerxes III Ochus ( 358 BC to 338 BC )". http://persianempire.info/ArtaxerxesIII.htm. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
    16. ^ Rawlinson, George (1889). "Phœnicia under the Persians". History of Phoenicia. Longmans, Green. http://www.tomrawlinson.com/Personal/Links/RawlinsonGeorge.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
    17. ^ a b "Artaxerxes". http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Artaxerxes. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
    18. ^ "The Legend Of Gog And Magog". http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/GogAndMagog.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
    19. ^ Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1990). The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 117. ISBN 0802809669.
    20. ^ "Persian Period II". http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/history/periods/persianii.html. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
    21. ^ a b "Chapter V: Temporary Relief". http://www.iranologie.com/history/Achaemenid/chapter%20V.html. Retrieved 1 March 2008.
    22. ^ "Philip of Macedon Philip II of Macedon Biography". http://historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/PhilipofMacedon.html. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
    23. ^ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A history of the Persian Empire. Eienbrauns. pp. 769. ISBN 1575061201.
    24. ^ J. Varza; Dr. M. Soroushian. "The Achaemenians, Zoroastrians in Transition". http://www.vohuman.org/Article/The%20Achaemenians,%20Zoroastrians%20in%20Transition.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
    25. ^ Lendering, Jona. "Ahuramazda and Zoroastranism". http://www.livius.org/ag-ai/ahuramazda/ahuramazda.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
    26. ^ Hans-Peter Schmidt (2006-01-14). "i. Mithra In Old Indian And Mithra In Old Iranian". http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp10/ot_mithra_i_20060114.html. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
    27. ^ "The Origins Of Mithraism". http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mom/mom04.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2008.
    28. ^ "Silver tetradrachm of Artaxerxes III". http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_tetradrachm_of_artaxerx.aspx. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
    29. ^ Lare, Gerald A.. "The Period of Jewish Independence". http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/gerald_larue/otll/chap29.html. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
    30. ^ Paul Ingram. "The Book of Judith". http://www.katapi.org.uk/OTApoc/Judith.htm. Retrieved 10 March 2008.
    31. ^ Wigoder, Geoffrey (2006). The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible. Sterling Publishing Company. pp. 131. ISBN 1402728204.
    32. ^ Brosius, Maria (1996). Women in Ancient Persia, 559-331 BC. Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0198152558.
    33. ^ Burgess, Kitto, Cowper, J., H., B.H. (1854). The Journal of Sacred Literature Vol.VII. London: C. Cox. pp. 379–380.

    [edit] External links

    Search Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Artaxerxes III
    Search Wikibooks Wikibooks has a book on the topic of
    Search Wikisource Wikisource has original text related to this article:


    Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_III"

    Publicado por en No hay comentarios:
    Etiquetas:
    Suscribirse a: Entradas (Atom)

    Correo Vaishnava

    Mi foto
    Correo Devocional

    Archivo del blog