Sethnajt
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Sethnajt - Sri Caitanya Das
Userjaura-Setepenra Sethnajt-Meryamonra, o Sethnajt,[1] fue el primer faraón de la dinastía XX, la última del Imperio Nuevo de Egipto. Reinó de c. 1186 a 1184 a. C.,[2] y su nombre de trono fue User-Jau-Ra Setep-En-Ra, «Poderosa es la manifestación de Ra, Elegido de Ra».
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Biografía [editar]
Familia [editar]
Los orígenes de Sethnajt se desconocen, aunque algunos egiptólogos estiman que pertenecía a la extensa familia ramésida, descendiente de alguno de los numerosos hijos de Ramsés II. Parece demostrada su procedencia del Bajo Egipto, probablemente de la zona de la capital del país, Pi-Ramsés. Se estimaba su reinado en dos años, pero posteriores descubrimientos en las minas del Sinaí muestran que, al menos, gobernó tres años, los suficientes para estabilizar la frágil situación política de Egipto y vincular al trono a su hijo, el futuro Ramsés III.
Se desconocen las causas del ascenso al trono de Sethnajt, aunque el Papiro Harris I –de tiempos de Ramsés III–, expone que se vivían años vacíos en los que reinaba la anarquía, los templos estaban vacíos y todos los gobernantes eran corruptos y esclavizaban a la población. El que había provocado tan devastadora situación era, según el Papiro Harris, un sirio de nombre Iarsu, que sería finalmente derrocado por Sethnajt, encargado de poner orden y restaurar la estabilidad interna de las Dos Tierras.
Aparte de este escrito, no nos han llegado más evidencias históricas de Iarsu, y aún se cuestiona si llegó a existir o tan sólo fue un sobrenombre del canciller Bay, un poderoso hombre de estado que dominó el país a la sombra del trono del débil rey Siptah. Sin embargo, esta identificación también está cuestionada, ya que los últimos datos que existen sobre Bay se datan en el quinto año de reinado de Siptah, en los que se le llama gran enemigo y se dice que fue ejecutado. Más bien parece ser que el principal oponente de Sethnajt no fue Iarsu ni Bay (si no fueron la misma persona), sino la reina Tausert, quien asumió el gobierno a la muerte de Siptah.
Reinado [editar]
Si bien había sido corregente de Siptah, Tausert reinó en solitario por espacio de dos años, en los que se ganó la enemistad de la clase militar de Pi-Ramsés, seguramente encabezada por Sethnajt. Ya por entonces se ve el creciente antagonismo entre ambos personajes, que quizás llevase al país a aquellos años vacíos de los que habla el Papiro Harris, claramente fechados en los reinados de Siptah y Tausert. Es posible que incluso Sethnajt se autoproclamase faraón antes de morir la reina Tausert, ya que los pocos datos que nos han llegado de esta reina-faraón parecen dar a entender que su zona de influencia no sobrepasó los límites del Alto Egipto.
Tausert pronto desapareció de escena y Sethnajt se convirtió en el indiscutible jefe del estado egipcio. Tanto él como su hijo Ramsés III persiguieron la memoria de Siptah, Bay y Tausert, culpándoles de la dramática situación que vivía el país, y se dedicaron a reparar en gran parte los daños causados al declinante imperio. Pero aparte de la reconstrucción y la vuelta a la normalidad, poco más sabemos de las líneas políticas del breve reinado de Sethnajt. Huellas de su actividad constructora nos han llegado del Sinaí, Elefantina, Pi-Ramsés, Tebas y Pi-Atum (la bíblica Pithom), donde construyó un templo al dios Atum, protector de la ciudad.
Su tumba [editar]
A su muerte, Sethnajt fue enterrado en la tumba KV14 del Valle de los Reyes, en un principio destinada a su enemiga, Tausert. Antes había comenzado la construcción de otro sepulcro, KV11 (después convertido en la tumba de Ramsés III), pero los trabajos fueron suspendidos cuando, por un tremendo error de los arquitectos, se irrumpió en la abandonada tumba del rey Amenmeses, KV10, con el consecuente destrozo. Es poco probable que Sethnajt consintiera en ser enterrado con Tausert, por lo que seguramente el cuerpo de la reina-faraón sería trasladado a alguna otra parte, si es que llegó a ser enterrada en el Valle de los Reyes.
Titulatura [editar]
| Titulatura | Jeroglífico | Transliteración (transcripción) - traducción - (procedencia) |
| Nombre de Horus: |
| k3 nḫt ur pḥty (Kanajt Uerpehty) Toro Poderoso, de gran fuerza |
| Nombre de Nebty: |
| tut ḫˁu mi ṯ3 ṯnn (Tutjaumy dyadyenen) |
| Nombre de Hor-Nub: |
| sḫm ḫpš dr pḏt 9 hu rq yu.f (Sejemjepesh Derpedyethuereqyuef) Con poderosa eficacia atosiga a sus enemigos (9 arcos) |
| Nombre de Nesut-Bity: |
| usr ḫˁu rˁ stp n rˁ (Userjaura Setepenra) Poderosa es la manifestación de Ra, Elegido de Ra |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| stẖ nḫt mr r imn (Sethnajt Meriamonra) Seth es victorioso, Amado de Amón-Ra |
Notas [editar]
Enlaces externos [editar]
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Sethnajt. Commons
| Predecesor: Tausert | Faraón Dinastía XX | Sucesor: Ramsés III |
Setnakhte
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Setnakhte | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Setnakht | |||||
 | |||||
| Year 4 stela of Setnakhte | |||||
| Pharaoh of Egypt | |||||
| Reign | 1190–1186 BC, 20th Dynasty | ||||
| Predecessor | Twosret | ||||
| Successor | Ramesses III | ||||
| Consort(s) | Tiy-merenese | ||||
| Died | 1186 BC | ||||
| Burial | KV14 | ||||
Userkhaure-setepenre Setnakhte (or Setnakht) was the first Pharaoh (1190 BC–1186 BC) of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt and the father of Ramesses III.
Setnakhte was not the son, brother or a direct descendant of the previous Pharaoh, Merneptah Siptah, nor of his predecessor Seti II, whom Setnakht formally considered the last legitimate ruler. It is possible that he was an usurper who seized the throne during a time of crisis and political unrest, or he could have been a member of a minor line of the Ramesside royal family who emerged as Pharaoh. He married Queen Tiy-merenese, perhaps a daughter of Merenptah. A connection between Setnakhte's successors and the preceding 19th dynasty is suggested by the fact that one of Ramesses II's children also bore this name and that similar names are shared by Setnakhte's descendants such as Ramesses, Amun-her-khepshef, Seth-her-khepshef and Monthu-her-khepshef.[2]
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[edit] Reign Length
Setnakhte was originally believed to have enjoyed a reign of only 2 Years based upon his Year 2 Elephantine stela but his third regnal year is now attested in Inscription No.271 on Mount Sinai[3] If his theoretical accession date is assumed to be II Shemu 10 based on the date of his Elephantine stela, Setnakhte would have ruled Egypt for at least 2 Years and 11 Months before he died, or nearly 3 Full Years. This date is only 3 months removed from Twosret's Highest known date of Year 8, III Peret 5 and is based upon a calculation of Ramesses III's known accession date of I Shemu 26.[4] Peter Clayton also assigned Setnakhte a reign of 3 years in his 1994 book on the Egyptian Pharaohs.[5]
In a mid-January 2007 issue of the Egyptian weekly Al-Ahram, however, Egyptian antiquity officials announced that a recently discovered and well preserved quartz stela belonging to the High Priest Bakenkhunsu was explicitly dated to Year 4 of Setnakhte's reign. The Al-Ahram article notes that this data:
- "contradicts...the official record, which says Setnakhte ruled Egypt for only three years. According to the new information provided by the stela, Setnakhte's reign certainly lasted for four years, and may have continued for [a little] longer."[6]
Consequently, Setnakhte likely ruled Egypt for around 4 years. Zahi Hawass, the current Secretary general of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities declared the discovery to be one of the most important finds of 2006 because "it adjusts the history of the 20th dynasty and reveals more about the life of Bakenkhunsu."[6] As Setnakhte's reign was short, he may have come to the throne fairly late in life.
[edit] Monuments
While Setnakhte's reign was still comparatively brief, it was just long enough for him to stabilize the political situation in Egypt and establish his son, Rameses III, as his successor to the throne of Egypt. The Bakenkhunsu stela reveals that it was Setnakhte who began the construction of a Temple of Amun-Re in Karnak which was eventually completed by his son, Ramesses III. Setnakhte also started work on a tomb, KV11, in the Valley of the Kings, but stopped it when the tombcarvers accidentally broke into the tomb of the Nineteenth Dynasty Pharaoh Amenmesse. Setnakhte then appropriated the tomb of Queen Twosret (KV14), his predecessor, for his own use. Setnakhte's origins are unknown, and he may have been a commoner, although many Egyptologists believe he was related to the previous dynasty, the Nineteenth, through his mother and may thus have been a grandson of Ramesses II. Setnakhte's son and successor, Ramesses III, is regarded as the last great king of the New Kingdom.
[edit] Papyrus Harris
The beginning of the Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus Harris I, which documents the reign of Ramesses III, provides some details about Setnakhte's rise to power. An excerpt of James Henry Breasted's 1906 translation of this document is provided below:
- "The land of Egypt was overthrown from without, and every man was thrown out of his right; they had no "chief mouth" for many years formerly until other times. The land of Egypt was in the hands of chiefs and of rulers of towns; one slew his neighbour, great and small. Other times having come after it, with empty years, Irsu ('a self-made man'), a certain Syrian (Kharu) was with them as chief (wr). He set plundering their (i.e.: the people's) possessions. They made gods like men, and no offerings were presented in the temples.
- "But when the gods inclined themselves to peace, to set the land in its rights according to its accustomed manner, they established their son, who came forth from their limbs, to be ruler, LPH, of every land, upon their great throne, Userkhaure-setepenre-meryamun, LPH, the son of Re, Setnakht-merire-meryamun, LPH. He was Khepri-Set, when he is enraged; he set in order the entire land which had been rebellious; he slew the rebels who were in the land of Egypt; he cleansed the great throne of Egypt; he was ruler of the Two Lands, on the throne of Atum. He gave ready faces to those who had been turned away. Every man knew his brother who had been walled in. He established the temples in possession of divine offerings, to offer to the gods according to their customary stipulations."[7]
Until 2000, Chancellor Bay was considered the only plausible candidate for this Irsu. However, an IFAO Ostracon no. 1864 found at Deir el-Medina dated to Year 5 records that 'Pharaoh (Siptah) LPH has killed the great enemy, Bay'. Because Chancellor Bay died at least 3 years before this 'Irsu', he can no longer be considered a plausible candidate for this historical figure.
Setnakhte's stela from Elephantine touches on this chaotic period and refers explicitly to the expulsion of certain Asiatics, who fled, abandoning the gold which they looted from Egyptian temples behind. It is uncertain the degree to which this inscription referred to contemporary events or rather repeated anti-Asiatic sentiment from the reign of Pharaoh Ahmose I. Setnakhte identified with the God Atum or Temu, and built a temple to this God at Per-Atum (Biblical Pithom)
Setnakhte may have been the first Pharaoh mentioned in Greek mythology. Marianne Luban[8] quotes Diodorus Siculus: "A man of obscure origin was chosen king, whom the Egyptians call 'Ketes', but who among the Greeks is thought to be that Proteus who lived at the time of the war about Ilium." Ketes, from Egyptian Khenti, means the same as Proteios, meaning "first". King Setnakht may have been a commoner or a prince of royal blood who was somehow connected to the 19th Dynasty.
After his death, Setnakhte was buried in KV14 which was originally designed to be Twosret's royal tomb.
[edit] References
- ^ Setnakht
- ^ Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité 1991. Christian Settipani, p.153, 173 & 175
- ^ Von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, 1997, p. 201-202
- ^ E.F. Wente & C.C. Van Siclen, "A Chronology of the New Kingdom" in Studies in Honor of George R. Hughes, (SAOC 39) 1976, pp.236-237
- ^ Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994, p.160
- ^ a b Al-Ahram Weekly, 11-17 January 2007, Issue No.827
- ^ James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol No.4,(1906), pp.198-199
- ^ Luban, Marianne "Setnakhte and the Classical Memory"http://www.geocities.com/scribelist/setnakht.html
- James H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol No.4,(1906)
- Erik Hornung, Untersuchungen zur Chronologie und Geschichte des Neuen Reiches (1964)
- J. Von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, Philip Von Zabern, (Mainz: 1997), pp. 94-98 and pp. 201-202
- Luban, Marianne "Setnakhte and the Classical Memory"http://www.geocities.com/scribelist/setnakht.html
- Dynasty revealed The new information not only illustrates the growing power of the Amun priesthood during the New Kingdom, but also changes some concepts of the 20th dynasty, especially the facts, figures and reign relating to its founder, Pharaoh Setnakhte.
Category:Sethnakht
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