Osorkon II
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Contenido
Usermaatra Setepenamón Osorkon, u Osorkon II, fue faraón de la dinastía XXII de Egipto; reinó de 874 a 850 a. C.[1] durante el Tercer periodo intermedio de Egipto.
Esta dinastía, cuya capital es Tanis, al nordeste del delta del Nilo, es una de las dos de origen libio (la otra es la dinastía XXIII, en Bubastis). La época libia de la historia egipcia es compleja, prueba de ello es que hasta cinco reyezuelos gobernaron simultáneamente.
Contenido |
Biografía [editar]
Osorkon II fue hijo de Takelot I y Kapes; tuvo cuatro esposas: Karoma II Meritmut, Dyedmutesanj, e Isetemhebet y siete u ocho hijos, incluido Takelot II, que le sucede, y Nimlot II, sumo sacerdote de Amón (855 a 845 a. C.) Osorkon muere después de un reinado de 24 años y se le entierra en Tanis, en la necrópolis real, donde encontró su tumba Pierre Montet, en 1939.
Su reinado se caracterizó, al principio, por una renovación del poder real, situando a sus hijos en los puestos clave del país, pero rápidamente su influencia va a verse limitada. Hace restaurar el templo de Elefantina bajo el virrey de Kush (su nieto). Embellece el templo de Bastet en su ciudad de Bubastis y emprende también trabajos en Leontópolis, Menfis y Tanis.
Osorkon II debe demostrar que es el verdadero soberano ante los pontífices de Tebas, que rechazan su legitimidad. Pero dicta un decreto por el cual concede a la ciudad de Tebas un estatuto de principado autónomo y acepta que su primo Horsiese I suceda a su padre Sheshonq II en el cargo de Sumo sacerdote de Amón. Esta concesión, que establece un precedente de transmisión hereditaria de cargos, debilita el poder del rey. Su decisión va a condenar a Egipto a permanecer dividida en dos y el comiezo de la escisión, ya que en 870 a. C. Horsiese I se declara el rey de Tebas. A partir de la siguiente generación los herederos van a disputarse el poder, en linajes diferentes, y varios reyes gobernarán al mismo tiempo.
El tratado de alianza con Biblos es amenazado por la expansión de los reyes de Asiria, Assur-Nasirpal II (884 a 859 a. C.), y su hijo Salmanasar III (859 a 824 a. C.) que extienden sus fronteras desde el norte de Mesopotamia al Éufrates medio, hasta Siria, al Orontes y la costa de Amurru. Los reinos de Damasco e Israel se alían para proteger el norte de Siria de los nuevos invasores.
En 853 a. C., Osorkon II envío un contingente de mil mercenarios egipcios para prestar ayuda a esta alianza y a Benhadad, el rey de Siria, con el fin de frenar la progresión asiria. El combate tiene lugar en el valle del Orontes cerca del pueblo de Karkar. Esto señala una nueva fase de la política exterior egipcia: la de apoyo a los reinos sirio-palestinos. Egipto gracias a esta alianza con los hebreos y sirios, va a resistir a los ejércitos asirios de Salmanasar III. Los reinos sirio-palestinos van a constituir en adelante la última defensa que protege a Egipto de la invasión Asiria.
Testimonios de su época [editar]
- Edificaciones
- Gran portada del templo en Bubastis con escenas del Heb Sed (Naville 1892, Arnold 1999:38-39)
- Elementos añadidos al gran templo de Amón en Tanis (Arnold 1999:38)
- Bloques del templo encontrados en Leontópolis (Arnold 1999:39)
- Santuario en Pithom (Arnold 1999:39)
- Puerta pequeña en Karnak (Arnold 1999:39)
- Objetos
- Fragmento de un vaso canopo (Museo Petrie, UC16320)
- Base de una estatua, de Bubastis (?) (Museo Petrie)
- Ushebti de su esposa Mutemhat. (Museo Petrie)
Titulatura [editar]
| Titulatura | Jeroglífico | Transliteración (transcripción) - traducción - (procedencia) |
| Nombre de Horus: |
| k3 nḫt mr m3ˁt ḫˁ m u3st (Kanajt Merymaat Jaemuaset) Toro potente, amante de la Maat, que se manifiesta en Tebas |
| Titulatura | Jeroglífico | Transliteración (transcripción) - traducción - (procedencia) |
| Nombre de Horus: |
| k3 nḫt mr m3ˁt sḫai su rˁ r nsu t3uy (Kanajt Merymaat sejaisurarenesutauy) Toro potente, amante de la justicia ... |
| Nombre de Nebty: |
| sm3 psšti m i s3 3st (Semapeseshtimisaaset) |
| Nombre de Hor-Nub: |
| ur pḥti ḥui ḥftiu.f usr fau (Uerpejti juimontu) |
| Nombre de Nesut-Bity: |
| usr m3ˁt rˁ stp n imn (Usermaatra Setepenamón) Poderosa es la justicia (Maat), Elegido de Amón |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| usirkn mr imn (Osirken Meryamón) Osorcón, Amado de Amón (Tumba de Tanis) |
Notas [editar]
- ↑ Cronología según Grimal, Arnold y Shaw.
Referencias [editar]
Enlaces externos [editar]
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Osorkon II. Commons
| Predecesor: Takelot I | Faraón Dinastía XXII | Sucesor: Horsiese I |
Osorkon II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contenido
| Osorkon II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||
| Pendant bearing the cartouche of Osorkon II | ||||
| Pharaoh of Egypt | ||||
| Reign | 872–837 BC, 22nd Dynasty | |||
| Predecessor | Takelot I | |||
| Successor | Shoshenq III | |||
| Children | Tjesbastperu, Nimlot C, Shoshenq D, Hornakht | |||
| Died | 837 BC | |||
| Burial | NRT-I Tanis | |||
Usermaatre Setepenamun Osorkon II was a pharaoh[1] of the Twenty-second Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and the son of Takelot I and Queen Kapes. He ruled Egypt around 872 BC to 837 BC from Tanis, the capital of this Dynasty. After succeeding his father, he was faced with the competing rule of his cousin, king Harsiese A, who controlled both Thebes and the Western Oasis of Egypt. Osorkon feared the serious challenge posed by Harsiese's kingship to his authority but, when Harsiese conveniently died in 860 BC, Osorkon II ensured that this problem would not recur by appointing his own son Nimlot C as the next High Priest of Amun at Thebes. This consolidated the pharaoh's authority over Upper Egypt and meant that Osorkon II ruled over a united Egypt. Osorkon II's reign would be a time of large scale monumental building and prosperity for Egypt
According to a recent paper by Karl Jansen-Winkeln, king Harsiese A, and his son [..du] were only ordinary Priests of Amun, rather than High Priests of Amun, as was previously assumed. The inscription on the Koptos lid for [..du], Harsiese A's son, never once gives him the title of High Priest.[2] demonstrates that the High Priest Harsiese who served is attested in statue CGC 42225 – which mentions this High Priest and is dated explicitly under Osorkon II – was, in fact, Harsiese B. The High Priest Harsiese B served Osorkon II in his final 3 years. This statue was dedicated by the Letter Writer to Pharaoh Hor IX, who was one of the most powerful men in his time.[3] However, Hor IX almost certainly lived during the end of Osorkon II's reign since he features on Temple J in Karnak which was built late in this Pharaoh's reign, along with the serving High Priest Takelot F(the son of the High Priest Nimlot C and therefore, Osorkon II's grandson). Hor IX later served under both Shoshenq III, Pedubast I and Shoshenq VI. This means that the High Priest Harsiese mentioned on statue CGC 42225 must be the second Harsiese: Harsiese B.
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[edit] Foreign policy and monumental program
Despite his astuteness in dealings with matters at home, Osorkon II was forced to be more aggressive on the international scene. The growing power of Assyria meant the latter's increased meddling in the affairs of Israel and Syria – territories well within Egypt's sphere of influence. In 853 BC, Osorkon's forces, in a coalition with those of Israel and Byblos, fought the army of Shalmaneser III at the Battle of Qarqar to a standstill thereby halting Assyrian expansion in Canaan, for a brief while.
Osorkon II devoted considerable resources into his building projects by adding to the temple of Bastet at Bubastis which featured a substantial new hall decorated with scenes depicting his Sed festival and images of his Queen Karomama. Mutemhat was another of his wives. Monumental construction was also performed at Thebes, Memphis, Tanis and Leontopolis. Osorkon II also built Temple J at Karnak during the final years of his reign, which was decorated by his then serving High Priest Takelot F(the future Takelot II). Takelot F was the son of the deceased High Priest Nimlot C and, thus, Osorkon II's grandson. Osorkon II was the last great Twenty-second Dynasty king of Tanis who ruled Egypt from the Delta to Upper Egypt because his successor, Shoshenq III lost effectively control of Middle and Upper Egypt in his 8th Year with the emergence of king Pedubast I at Thebes.
Many officials are datable under Osorkon II. Ankhkherednefer was inspector of the palace; Djeddjehutyiuefankh was fourth prophet of Amun[4]; Bakenkhons was another prophet of Amun under that king[5].
[edit] Reign length
Osorkon II died around 837 BC and is buried in Tomb NRT I at Tanis. He is now believed to have reigned for more than 30 years, rather than just 25 years. The celebrations of his first Sed Jubilee was traditionally thought to have occurred in his 22nd Year but the Heb Sed date in his Great Temple of Bubastis is damaged and can be also be read as Year 30, as Edward Wente notes.[6] The fact that this king's own grandson, Takelot F, served him as High Priest of Amun at Thebes–as the inscribed Walls of Temple J prove – supports the hypothesis of a longer reign for Osorkon II.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that Nile Quay Text No.14 (dated to Year 29 of an Usimare Setepenamun) belongs to Osorkon II on palaeographical grounds.[7] This finding suggests that Osorkon II likely did celebrate his first Heb Sed in his 30th Year as was traditionally the case with other Libyan era Pharaohs such as Shoshenq III and Shoshenq V. In addition, a Year 22 Stela from his reign preserves no mention of any Heb Sed celebrations in this year as would be expected, (see Von Beckerath).
While Osorkon II's precise reign length is unknown, some Egyptologists such as Jürgen von Beckerath – in his 1997 book Chronology of the Egyptian Pharaohs[8] – and Aidan Dodson have suggested a range of between 38 to 39 years.[9] However, these much higher figures are not verified by the current monumental evidence. Gerard Broekman gives Osorkon II a slightly shorter reign of 34 Years.[10]
[edit] Marriages and children
Osorkon II is known to be the father of Tjesbastperu, Nimlot C--a High Priest of Amun at Thebes--Hornakht, a short-lived chief priest of Amun at Tanis and Shoshenq D, a High Priest of Ptah at Memphis who died young in his father's reign.[11] Osrkon's son Nimlot C, in turn, was the father of Takelot II who would later rule Upper Egypt at the same time that Shoshenq III ruled Lower Egypt.
Osorkon II appointed his third son Hornakht as the chief priest of Amun at Tanis to strengthen his authority in Lower Egypt; however, this was clearly a political move since Hornakht died prematurely before the age of 10.[12] In this period of Egypt's history, religious and political power were at their most inseparable.
[edit] Successor
David Aston has convincingly argued in a JEA 75 (1989) paper that Osorkon II was succeeded by Shoshenq III at Tanis rather than Takelot II Si-Ese as Kitchen assumed because none of Takelot II's monuments have been found in Lower Egypt where other genuine Tanite kings such as Osorkon II, Shoshenq III and even the short-lived Pami (at 6-7 Years) are attested on donation stelas, temple walls and/or annal documents.[13] Other Egyptologists such as Gerard Broekman, Karl Jansen-Winkeln, Aidan Dodson and Jürgen von Beckerath have also endorsed this position. von Beckerath also identifies Shoshenq III as the immediate successor of Osorkon II and places Takelot II as a separate king in Upper Egypt.[14] Gerard Broekman writes in a recent 2005 GM article that "in light of the monumental and genealogical evidence," Aston's Chronology for the position of the 22nd Dynasty kings "is highly preferable" to Kitchen's chronology.[15] The only documents which mention a king Takelot in Lower Egypt such as a royal tomb at Tanis, a Year 9 donation stela from Bubastis and a heart scarab featuring the nomen 'Takelot Meryamun' — have now been attributed exclusively to king Takelot I by Egyptologists today including Kitchen himself.[16]
The English Egyptologist Aidan Dodson in his book, The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, observes that Shoshenq III built "a dividing wall, with a double scene showing Osorkon II" and himself "each adoring an unnamed deity" in the antechamber of Osorkon II's tomb.[17][18] Consequently, the case for establishing Takelot II as a Twenty-second Dynasty king and successor to Osorkon II disappears, as Dodson writes. Dodson concludes that while one may argue Shoshenq III erected the wall to hide Osorkon II's sarcophagus, it made no sense for Shoshenq to create such an elaborate relief if Takelot II had really intervened between him and Osorkon II at Tanis for 25 years unless Shoshenq III was Osorkon II's immediate successor. Shoshenq III must, hence, have wished to associate himself with his predecessor – Osorkon II.
[edit] Tomb
The French excavator, Pierre Montet discovered Osorkon II's plundered royal tomb at Tanis on February 27, 1939. It revealed that Osorkon II was buried in a massive granite sarcophagus with a lid carved from a Ramesside era statue. Only some fragments of a Hawk-headed coffin and canopic jars remained in the robbed tomb to identify him.[19] While the tomb had been looted in antiquity, what jewellry which remained "was of such high quality that existing conceptions of the wealth of the northern Twenty-first and Twenty-second dynasties had to be revised."[20]
[edit] References
- ^ Osorkon (II) Usermaatre, Digital Egypt for Universities.
- ^ Karl Jansen-Winkeln, "Historische Probleme Der 3. Zwischenzeit," JEA 81(1995), pp.129-149.
- ^ David Aston, "Takeloth II: A King of the Theban 23rd Dynasty?," JEA 75(1989), p.152
- ^ Statue, Cairo CG 42206, 42207
- ^ Cairo CG 42213
- ^ Edward Wente, Review of Kenneth Kitchen's The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt c.1100-650 BC, JNES 35(1976), pp.275-278
- ^ Gerard Broekman, "The Nile Level Records of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasties in Karnak," JEA 88(2002), pp.174-178
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, MAS:Philipp von Zabern, (1997), p.98 & p.191
- ^ Aidan Dodson, A new King Shoshenq confirmed?, GM 137(1993), p.58
- ^ Gerard Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.31 & 33
- ^ Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité, 1991. Christian Settipani, p.153 and 166
- ^ Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books, 1992. p.325
- ^ Aston, pp.139-153
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, "Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten," MÄS 46 (Philipp von Zabern), Mainz: 1997. p.94
- ^ Gerard Broekman, 'The Reign of Takeloth II, a Controversial Matter,' GM 205(2005), pp.31
- ^ K.A. Kitchen, in the introduction to his 3rd 1996 edition of "The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (c.1100-650 BC)," Aris & Phillips Ltd. pp.xxxii-xxxiii
- ^ Aidan Dodson, "The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt," (Kegan Paul Intl: 1994), p.95
- ^ Dodson, The Canopic Equipment of the Kings of Egypt, p.95
- ^ San el-Hagar
- ^ Bob Brier, Egyptian Mummies: Unravelling the Secrets of an Ancient Art, William Morrow & Company Inc., New York, 1994. p.144
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Categories: 837 BC deaths | Pharaohs of the Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt
related articles
- Takelot II
- Shoshenq III
- Takelot I
- Pedubast I
- Twenty-third dynasty of Egypt
- Nile Level Texts
- Shoshenq II
- Harsiese B
- Osorkon I
- Shoshenq VI
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