Psusenes II
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Contenido
Titjeperura Setepenra Pasebajaenniut, o Psusenes II, es el último faraón de la dinastía XXI; reinó de ca. 959 a 945 a. C.[1] durante el Tercer periodo intermedio de Egipto.
Era hijo del Sumo sacerdote de Amón tebano Pinedyem II y de Isetemkheb IV, por tanto, sobrino nieto y biznieto de Psusenes I. Tuvo dos hijas: Maatkara, que se casó con Osorkon I (XXII dinastia), y Tanetsepeh, casada con Shedsunefertum, Sumo sacerdote de Ptah en Menfis.
Manetón escribió que Psusennes (Ψουσέννης) reinó catorce años, según Julio Africano, en la versión de Sincelo. Para Eusebio de Cesarea: Psusennes reinó 35 años (versiones de Sincelo y armenia). Los eruditos piensan que reinó unos quince años.
Testimonios de su época [editar]
Las escasos testimonios contemporáneos de su reinado incluyen un relieve en el templo de Sethy I en Abidos, un ostracon en el de Umm el-Qaab, una afiliación en Karnak y su presunto entierro, que consiste en un sarcófago dorado y una momia con un uraeus, encontrado en una antecámara de la tumba de Psusenes I en Tanis.
A diferencia de su predecesor y sucesor inmediatos, Siamón y Sheshonq I, está poco documentado en los registros históricos de la época. Es posible que se tratara de la misma persona que el Sumo sacerdote de Amón conocido como Psusenes III.
Titulatura [editar]
| Titulatura | Jeroglífico | Transliteración (transcripción) - traducción - (procedencia) |
| Nombre de Nesut-Bity: |
| tit ḫpru rˁ stp n rˁ (Titjeperura Setepenra) Imagen de las manifestaciones de Ra, elegido de Ra (E. Amélineau. Les nouvelles fouilles d'Abydos, II,147) |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| p3 sb3 ḫˁ n niut (Pasebajaenniut) La estrella que resplandece en la ciudad (Tebas), amado de Amón (H. Gauthier. Le Livre des Rois d'Egypte, III, 300) |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| ḥr p3 sb3 ḫˁ n niut mr imn (Hor Pasebajaenniut Meriamón) Horus, la estrella que resplandece en la ciudad, amado de Amón (C. R. Lepsius) |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| p3 sb3 ḫˁ n niut mr imn (Pasebajaenniut Meriamón) La estrella que resplandece en la ciudad, amado de Amón (Orientalia. 63, 85) |
Notas [editar]
- ↑ Cronología según von Beckerath, Grimal, Arnold y Shaw.
| Predecesor: Siamón | Faraón Dinastía XXI | Sucesor: Sheshonq I |
Psusennes II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contenido
| Psusennes II | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pasebakhaenniut II[1] | ||||
| Pharaoh of Egypt | ||||
| Reign | 967 – 943 BC, 21st Dynasty | |||
| Predecessor | Siamun | |||
| Successor | Shoshenq I | |||
| Children | Maatkare | |||
| Died | 943 BC | |||
| Burial | Unknown | |||
Titkheperure or Tyetkheperre Psusennes II [Greek Ψουσέννης] or Hor-Pasebakhaenniut II [Egyptian ḥr-p3-sb3-ḫˁỉ-
Items which can be added to this list include a Year 5 Mummy linen that was written with the High Priest Psusennes III's name. It is generally assumed that a Year 13 III Peret 10+X date in fragment 3B, line 6 of the Karnak Priestly Annals belongs to his reign.[6] Unfortunately, however, the king's name is not stated and the only thing which is certain is that the fragment must be dated after Siamun's reign whose Year 17 is mentioned in lines 3-5.[7] Hence, it belongs to either Psusennes II or possibly Shoshenq I's reign. More impressive are the number of objects which associate Psusennes II together with his successor, Shoshenq I, such as an old statue of Thutmose III which contains two parallel columns of texts – one referring to Psusennes II and the other to Shoshenq I – a recently unearthed block from Basta which preserves the nomen of Shoshenq I together with the prenomen of Psusennes II, and a now lost graffito from Theban Tomb 18.[8]
Recently, the first conclusive date for king Psusennes II was revealed in a newly published priestly annal stone block. This document, which has been designated as 'Block Karnak 94, CL 2149,' records the induction of a priest named Nesankhefenmaat into the chapel of Amun-Re within the Karnak precint in Year 11 the first month of Shemu day 13 of a king named Psusennes.[9] The preceding line of this document recorded the induction of Nesankhefenmaat's father, a certain Nesamun, into the priesthood of Amun-Re in king Siamun's reign.[10] Siamun was the predecessor of Psusennes II at Tanis. The identification of the aforementioned Psusennes with Psusennes II is certain since the same fragmentary annal document next records—in the following line—the induction of Hor, the son of Nesankhefenmaat, into the priesthood of the chapel of Amun-Re at Karnak in Year 3 the second month of Akhet day 14 of king Osorkon I's reign just one generation later.[10] Therefore, the Year 11 date can only be assigned to Psusennes II and constitutes the first securely attested date for this pharaoh's reign.
[edit] Reign Length
Unlike his immediate predecessor and successor – Siamun and Shoshenq I respectively– Psusennes II is generally less well attested in contemporary historical records even though various versions of Manetho's Epitome credits him with either a 14 or a 35 year reign, (generally amended to 15 years by most scholars including the British Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen).[11] However, the German scholar Rolf Krauss has recently argued that Psusennes II's reign was 24 years rather than Manetho's original figure of 14 years.[12] This is based on personal information recorded in the Large Dakhla stela which dates to Year 5 of Shoshenq I; the stela preserves a reference to a land-register from Year 19 of a 'Pharaoh Psusennes'.
In Year 5 of Shoshenq I, this king and the founder of the 22nd Dynasty dispatched a certain Ma (ie. Libyan) subordinate named Wayheset to the desert oasis town of Dakhla in order to restore the king's authority over the western oasis region of Upper Egypt. Wayheset's titles include Prince and Governor of the Oasis. His activities are recorded in the Large Dakhla stela.[13] This stela states that Wayheset adjudicated in a certain water dispute by consulting a land-register which is explicitly dated to Year 19 of a "Pharaoh Psusennes" in order to determine the water rights of a man named Nysu-Bastet.[14] Kitchen notes that this individual made an appeal to the Year 19 cadastral land-register of king Psusennes which belonged to his mother which historians assumed was made some "80 years" ago during the reign of Psusennes I.[13] The land register recorded that certain water rights were formerly owned by Nysu-Bastet's mother Tewhunet in Year 19 of a king Psusennes. This ruler was generally assumed by Egyptologists to be Psusennes I rather than Psusennes II since the latter's reign was believed to have lasted only 14–15 years. Based on the land register evidence, Wayheset ordered that these watering rights should now be granted to Nysu-Bastet himself. However, if the oracle dated to Year 19 of Psusennes I as many scholars traditionally assumed, Nysu-Bastet would have been separated from his mother by a total of 80 years from this date into Year 5 of Shoshenq I—a figure which is highly unlikely since Nysu-Bastet would not have waited until extreme old age to uphold his mother's watering rights. This implies that the aforementioned king Psusennes here must be identified with Psusennes II instead—Shoshenq I's immediate predecessor and, more significantly, that Psusennes II enjoyed a minimum reign of 19 years.
The term "mother" in ancient Egypt could also be an allusion to an ancestress, the matriarch of a lineage whereby Nysu-Bastet may have been petitioning for his hereditary water rights that belonged to his grandmother, whose family name was Tewhunet. However, this argument does not account for the use of Pharaoh as a title in the Dakhla stela—a literary device which first occurs late during the reign of Siamun, an Egyptian king who ruled between 45 to 64 years after Year 19 of Psusennes I.
The most significant component of the Great Dakhla stela is its palaeography: the use of the title Pharaoh Psusennes. A scholar named Helen Jacquet-Gordon believed in the 1970s that the large Dakhla stela belonged to Shoshenq III's reign due to its use of the title 'Pharaoh' directly with the ruling king's birth name—ie: "Pharaoh Shoshenq"--which was an important palaeographical development in Egyptian history. Throughout the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt, the word pharaoh was never employed as a title such as Mr. and Mrs. or attached to a king's nomen such as Pharaoh Ramesses or Pharaoh Amenhotep; instead, the word pr-`3 or pharaoh was used as a noun to refer to the activities of the king (i.e., it was "Pharaoh" who ordered the creation of a temple or statue, or the digging of a well, etc.). Rolf Krauss aptly observes that the earliest attested use of the word pharaoh as a title is documented in Year 17 of the 21st Dynasty king Siamun from Karnak Priestly Annals fragment 3B[15] while a second use of the title '[Pharaoh] [birth name]' occurs during Psusennes II's reign where a hieratic graffito in the Ptah chapel of the Abydos temple of Seti I explicitly refers to Psusennes II as the "High Priest of Amen-Re, King of the Gods, the Leader, Pharaoh Psusennes."[16][17] Consequently, the practice of attaching the title pr-`3 or pharaoh with a king's royal birth name had already started prior to the beginning of Shoshenq I's reign, let alone Shoshenq III. Hence, the Shoshenq mentioned in the large Year 5 Dakhla stela must have been Shoshenq I while the Psusennes mentioned in the same document likewise can only be Psusennes II which means that only 5 years (or 10 years if Psusennes II ruled Egypt for 24 years) would separate Nysu-Bastet from his mother.[18] The additional fact that the Large Dakhla stela contains a Year 5 IV Peret day 25 lunar date has helped date the aforementioned king Shoshenq's accession to 943 BC and demonstrates that the ruler here must be Shoshenq I, not Shoshenq III who ruled a century later.[18] Helen Jacquet-Gordon did not know of the two prior examples pertaining to Siamun and Psusennes II.
[edit] Timeline
The editors of the recent 2006 book on titled 'Handbook on Ancient Egyptian Chronology'--Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss and David Warburton—accept this logical reasoning and have amended Manetho's original figure of 14 years for Psusennes II to 24 years instead to Psusennes II.[19] This is not unprecedented since previous Egyptologists had previously amended the reign of Siamun by a decade from 9 years—as preserved in surviving copies of Manetho's Epitome—to 19 years based on certain Year 16 and Year 17 dates attested for the latter.[7] Psusennes II ruled Egypt for a minimum of 19 years based on the internal chronology of the Large Dakhla stela. However, a calculation of a lunar Tepi Shemu feast which records the induction of Hori son of Nespaneferhor into the Amun priesthood in regnal year 17 of Siamun, Psusennes II's predecessor—demonstrates that this date was equivalent to 970 BC.[20] Since Siamun enjoyed a reign of 19 years, he would have died 2 years later in 968/967 BC and been succeeded by Psusennes II by 967 BC at the latest. Consequently, a reign of 24 years or 967-943 BC is now likely for Psusennes II; hence, his reign has been raised from 14 to 24 years.
Psusennes II's royal name has been found associated with his successor, Shoshenq I in a graffito from tomb TT18, and in an ostracon from Umm el-Qa'ab.[21]
[edit] References
- ^ Pasebakhenniut II
- ^ Peter Clayton, Chronology of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1994. p.178
- ^ Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.221 Karl Jansen-Winkeln in his treatment for the 'Dynasty 21' chapter of this book writes that "the evidence weighs heavily in favour of his (ie. Psusennes III) being one and the same man, who was first HP and then successor to King Siamun in Tanis, without giving up his Theban office."
- ^ Jansen-Winkeln in Hornung, Krauss & Warburton, p.222
- ^ Jansen-Winkeln in Hornung, Krauss & Warburton, p.223
- ^ K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC) 3rd ed., Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd, p.423
- ^ a b Kitchen, p.423
- ^ Aidan Dodson, "Psusennes II and Shoshenq I," JEA 79(1993), pp.267-268
- ^ Frederic Payraudeau, De nouvelles annales sacerdotales de Siamon, Psousennès II et Osorkon Ier., BIFAO 108 (2008), p.294
- ^ a b Payraudeau, BIFAO 108, p.294
- ^ K.A. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (c.1100-650 BC), Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1996. p.531
- ^ Rolf Krauss, Das wrŝ-Datum aus Jahr 5 von Shoshenq [I], Discussions in Egyptology 62 (2005), pp.43-48
- ^ a b Kitchen, p.290
- ^ Alan H. Gardiner, The Large Dakhla stela, JEA 19 (1930), pp.19-30
- ^ J-M Kruchten, Les annales des prētres de Karnak (OLA) 1989. pp.47-48
- ^ M.A. Murray, The Osireion at Abydos (London, 1989), 36; pl. XXI
- ^ Krauss, DE 62, pp.43-44
- ^ a b Krauss, DE 62, pp.43-48
- ^ Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss & David Warburton (editors), Handbook of Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.474 & p.488
- ^ Hornung, Krauss & Warburton, pp.474-475
- ^ Aidan Dodson, "Psusennes II and Shoshenq I," JEA 79(1993), pp.267-268
- Aidan Dodson, RdE 38(1987), pp. 50-51.
- Jean Yoyotte, "A propos de Psousennes II," BSSFT 1(1988).
Categories: Pharaohs of the Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt
related articles
- Psusennes III
- Twenty-first dynasty of Egypt
- Psusennes I
- Siamun
- 940s BC
- Osorkon I
- Shoshenq I
- Pinedjem II
- Theban High Priests of Amun (21st and 22nd Dynasty)
- Shoshenq II
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