Merenptah
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Sarcófago de Merenptah, en la tumba KV8 del Valle de los Reyes.
Baenra Meryamón - Merenptah, o Merneptah[1] fue el cuarto faraón de la dinastía XIX de Egipto. Su reinado, de unos diez años, transcurre entre el c. 1213 y el 1203 a. C.[2]
Contenido[ocultar] |
Biografía [editar]
Merenptah es el decimotercer hijo de Ramsés II, y cuarto de su segunda esposa Isis-Nefert; fue el destinado a la sucesión debido a la muerte de sus hermanos mayores. Estaba casado desde su juventud con su hermana Isis-Nefert II, y también contrajo nupcias con su sobrina Bint-Anat II, nacida de la relación incestuosa de su padre con una de sus hijas. La comunidad de egiptólogos suele coincidir en que Merenptah fue el padre de Sethy II, así como de los príncipes Jaemuaset, Merenptah y Naneferkaptah. También se ha escrito de la posible paternidad de Amenmeses, pero no hay nada que certifique esto último.
Al acceder al trono era ya anciano, pues rondaba los sesenta años, y su gobierno fue inestable y lleno de problemas. Los problemas internos comenzaban a acumularse, y hacía más de cincuenta años que Egipto no veía un monarca joven y enérgico que pudiera enfrentarse a la ambiciosa nobleza o, sobre todo, a los sumos sacerdotes de Amón, que rivalizaban en poder con el mismo faraón.
El rey murió, probablemente, de muerte natural alrededor del año 1203 a. C., pero no encontraron su cuerpo dentro de su tumba, KV8. En 1898 descubrieron su momia junto a otras 18, dentro de la tumba-escondrijo KV35, de Amenhotep II.
Campañas militares [editar]
Merenptah llevó a cabo muchas campañas militares durante su gobierno, luchando principalmente contra los libios quienes, con la ayuda de los Pueblos del Mar, comenzaron a amenazar Egipto desde el oeste. En el quinto año de su reinado, Merenptah dirigió una batalla de seis horas en la que logró la victoria contra las fuerzas aliadas de los libios y los Pueblos del Mar en la ciudad de Perira, probablemente situada en el margen occidental del Delta.
El relato de esta campaña contra los libios y los Pueblos del Mar fue escrito en prosa sobre un muro al lado del sexto pilón en Karnak (Estela del Muro), a la vez que aparece en verso en la Estela de Merenptah.
Merenptah y el Éxodo judío [editar]
En la Estela de Merenptah, se menciona la supuesta destrucción total de una tribu o etnia llamada ysriar (que «está derribado y yermo, no tiene semilla») durante la campaña del sexto año de su reinado, en Canaán. El parecido del nombre Ysriar con el nombre Israel ha dado lugar a la hipótesis de que la estela se refiere a los israelitas, y que Meremptah sería el Faraón que menciona el texto bíblico del Éxodo, quien trató de impedir la salida de los hebreos y sufrió las diez plagas, pero no hay ninguna prueba histórica que lo confirme. Esta estela (llamada Estela de Israel por algunos) podría ser la primera mención en la historiografía egipcia acerca de la existencia de Israel, pero no como país o ciudad sino como tribus o etnias.
Testimonios de su época [editar]
Edificios:
- Palacio del rey en Menfis (Kitchen)[3]
- Su tumba hipogeo (KV8) en el Valle de los Reyes
- Construcciones en Abidos (Kitchen)
- La "columna de la victoria" en Heliópolis (Kitchen)
- Varios monumentos en Pi-Ramsés (Kitchen)
Estelas:
- La "Estela de Merenptah" o "Estela de Israel" (Petrie)
- La "Estela del muro" en Amada (Kitchen)
- Cuatro estelas similares en Nubia (Amada, Amarah oeste, Uadi Sebua, Aksha) (Kitchen)
- Estela de Kom el-Ahmar (Kitchen)
- Estela de Hermópolis (Kitchen)
- Decreto de Gebel el-Silsila oeste (Kitchen)
Inscripciones:
- Inscripción en Karnak referente a las guerras libias (Kitchen; Schulman)
- Otras inscripciones en Karnak (Kitchen)
- Inscripción en el templo pequeño de Medinet Habu (Kitchen)
- Inscripciones en Hermópolis (Kitchen)
- Inscripciones en varios bloques de Elefantina (Junge)
Titulatura [editar]
| Titulatura | Jeroglífico | Transliteración (transcripción) - traducción - (procedencia) |
| Nombre de Horus: |
| k3 nḫt hˁy m m3ˁt (Kanajt Hayemmat) Toro potente que exalta la Justicia (Maat) (Inscripciones Ramésidas, K. A. Kitchen) |
| Nombre de Nebty: |
| Iri b3u r t3 n ṯmḥu (Iribauretaendyemjau) Quien permite ejercer su poder en Tierra Libia (Inscripciones Ramésidas, K. A. Kitchen) |
| Nombre de Hor-Nub: |
| nb snḏ ˁ3 šfyt (Nebsenedyaashefyt) El que infunde temor y ofrece respeto (Inscripciones Ramésidas, K. A. Kitchen) |
| Nombre de Nesut-Bity: |
| b3 n rˁ mr imn (Baenra Meryamón) Espíritu de de Ra, Amado de Amón (Tumba de Merenptah) |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| mr n ptḥ ḥtp ḥr m3ˁt (Merenptah Hotephermaat) Amado de Ptah, Gozo de la justicia (Maat) (Tumba de Merenptah) |
| Nombre de Sa-Ra: |
| mr n ptḥ ḥtp ḥr m3ˁt (Merenptah Hotephermaat) Amado de Ptah, Gozo de la justicia ¡Vida, salud, fuerza! (Papiro Anast III) |
Notas [editar]
- ↑
Nombre del faraón en los epítomes de Manetón:
- Ammenofis (Flavio Josefo, Contra Apión). Situado en la dinastía XVIII.
- Ammenofis (Flavio Josefo, de Teófilo). Situado en la dinastía XVIII.
- Ammeneftes (Julio Africano, versión de Sincelo). Repetido en la dinastía XVIII como Amenofat.
- Ammeneftis (Eusebio de Cesarea, versión de Sincelo). Repetido en la dinastía XVIII como Ammenofis.
- Ammenofis (Eusebio de Cesarea, versión armenia). Repetido en la dinastía XVIII como Ammenofis.
Otras grafías de su nombre: Amenofis, Ammeneftes, Amenophath, Amenophis, Ammeneftes, Ammeneftis, Ammenephthes, Baenra (I), Baenre, Baenrehotephirmaat, Baenremeryamen, Baenreneteru, Banire, Binere, Hetephermaat, Hotephimaat, Hotephormaat, Hotfimaat, Janejet, Kanajt, Kanakht, Kanakhtemmat, Khanekhet, Menefta (I), Menephthah, Meneptah, Meramun, Merenptah, Mereramon, Meriamen, Meriamon, Merineteru, Merinetjeru, Merneptah, Merynetcherou, Mineptah, Miriamon, Peremre, Siamon.
- ↑ Cronología según Shaw, von Beckerath, Krauss y Málek.
- ↑ Kitchen 1982c. K.A Kitchen. Ramesside Inscriptions: Historical and Biographical IV. Oxford.
Enlaces externos [editar]
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Merenptah. Commons
| Predecesor: Ramsés II | Faraón Dinastía XIX | Sucesor: Amenmeses |
Merneptah
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Merneptah | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Merenptah | |||||
 | |||||
| Statue of Merenptah on display at the Egyptian Museum. | |||||
| Pharaoh of Egypt | |||||
| Reign | 1213-1203 BC, 19th Dynasty | ||||
| Predecessor | Ramesses II | ||||
| Successor | Seti II/Amenmesse | ||||
| Consort(s) | Isisnofret, Takhat | ||||
| Children | Seti II, Merenptah, Khaemwaset, Isetnofret | ||||
| Father | Ramesses II | ||||
| Mother | Isetnofret | ||||
| Died | 1203 BC | ||||
| Burial | KV8 | ||||
Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt for almost ten years between late July or early August 1213 to May 2, 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records.[2] He was the thirteenth son of Ramesses II [3] and only came to power because all his older brothers, including his full brother Khaemwaset or Khaemwase, had predeceased him, by which time he was almost sixty years old. His throne name was Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru, which means "The Soul of Ra, Beloved of the Gods".
Merneptah probably was the fourth child of Isetnofret, the second wife of Ramesses II, and he was married to Queen Isetnofret, his royal wife, who was likely his full sister bearing the name of their mother. It is presumed that Merneptah also was married to Queen TakhatSeti II. They also were the parents of prince Merenptah and possibly the usurper, Amenmesse, and Queen Twosret, wife of Seti II and later pharaoh in her own right. and one of their sons would become the later nineteenth dynasty pharaoh,
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Campaigns
Merneptah had to carry out several military campaigns during his reign, in year 5 he fought against the Libyans, who—with the assistance of the Sea Peoples—were threatening Egypt from the West. Merneptah led a victorious six-hour battle against a combined Libyan and Sea People force at the city of Perire, probably located on the western edge of the Delta. His account of this campaign against the Sea Peoples and Libu is described in prose on a wall beside the sixth pylon at Karnak, which states:
"[Beginning of the victory that his majesty achieved in the land of Libya] -i, Ekwesh, Teresh, Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Northerners coming from all lands."
Later in the inscription Merneptah receives news of the attack:
"... the third season, saying: 'The wretched, fallen chief of Libya, Meryre, son of Ded, has fallen upon the country of Tehenu with his bowmen--Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh, Taking the best of every warrior and every man of war of his country. He has brought his wife and his children--leaders of the camp, and he has reached the western boundary in the fields of Perire.'"[4]
In the Athribis Stele, in the garden of Cairo Museum, it states "His majesty was enraged at their report, like a lion", assembled his court and gave a rousing speech. Later he dreamed he saw Ptah handing him a sword and saying "Take thou (it) and banish thou the fearful heart from thee." When the bowmen went forth, says the inscription, "Amun was with them as a shield." After six hours the surviving Nine Bows threw down their weapons, abandoned their baggage and dependents, and ran for their lives. Merneptah states that he defeated the invasion, killing 6,000 soldiers and taking 9,000 prisoners. To be sure of the numbers, among other things, he took the penises of all uncircumcised enemy dead and the hands of all the circumcised, from which history learns that the Ekwesh were circumcised, a fact causing some to doubt they were Greek.
There is also an account of the same events in the form of a poem from the Merneptah Stele, widely known as the Israel Stele, which makes reference to the supposed utter destruction of Israel in a campaign prior to his 5th year in Canaan: "Israel has been wiped out...its seed is no more." This is the first recognised ancient Egyptian record of the existence of Israel--"not as a country or city, but as a tribe" or people.[5]
[edit] Succession
Merneptah was already an elderly man in his late 60s if not early 70s when he assumed the throne.[6] Merneptah moved the administrative center of Egypt from Piramesse (Pi-Ramesses), his father's capital, back to Memphis, where he constructed a royal palace next to the temple of Ptah. This palace was excavated in 1915 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum led by Clarence Fischer.
Naneferkaptah was the royal heir, being the son of Merneptah's royal wife, Queen Istnofret (Isisnofret), but he, his wife, and their heir died before the death of Merneptah, and their story survives in text.[7] Merneptah's successor, Seti II, was another son of Queen Isisnofret. However, Seti II's accession to the throne was not unchallenged: a rival king named Amenmesse, who was either another son of Merneptah by Takhat or, much less likely, of Ramesses II, seized control over Upper Egypt and Kush during the middle of Seti II's reign. Seti was able to reassert his authority over Thebes in his fifth year, only after he overcame Amenmesse. It is possible that before seizing Upper Egypt Amenmesse had been known as Messui and had been viceroy of Kush.
[edit] Mummy
Merneptah suffered from arthritis and arteriosclerosis in old age and was drowned after a reign which lasted for nearly a decade. Merneptah was originally buried within tomb KV8 in the Valley of the Kings, but his mummy was not found there. In 1898 it was located along with eighteen other mummies in the mummy cache found in the tomb of Amenhotep II (KV35) by Victor Loret. Merneptah's mummy was taken to Cairo and eventually unwrapped by Dr. G. Elliott Smith on July 8, 1907. Dr Smith notes that:
The body is that of an old man and is 1 meter 714 millimeters in height. Merenptah was almost completely bald, only a narrow fringe of white hair (now cut so close as to be seen only with difficulty) remaining on the temples and occiput. A few short (about 2 mill) black hairs were found on the upper lip and scattered, closely clipped hairs on the cheeks and chin. The general aspect of the face recalls that of Ramesses II, but the form of the cranium and the measurements of the face much more nearly agree with those of his [grand]father, Seti the Great.[8]
[edit] References
- ^ "King Merenptah", Digital Egypt, University College London (2001). Accessed 2007-09-29.
- ^ Jürgen von Beckerath, Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten, Mainz, (1997), pp.190
- ^ Gae Callender, The Eye Of Horus: A History of Ancient Egypt, Longman Cheshire (1993), p.263
- ^ Robert Drews, The End of the Bronze Age, Princeton University Press, 1993. p.49
- ^ Jacobus Van Dijk, "The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom" in The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw, Oxford University Press (2000), p.302
- ^ Joyce Tyldesley (2001). Ramesses: Egypt's Greatest Pharaoh. Penguin Books. p. 185.
- ^ "Ancient History Sourcebook: Tales of Ancient Egypt: The Magic Book, c. 1100 BCE". Fordham University. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1100egyptmagic.html.
- ^ Grafton Elliot Smith, The Royal Mummies, Cairo (1912), pp. 65-70
*Eva March Tappan, ed., The World's Story: A History of the World in Story, Song and Art, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), Vol. III: Egypt, Africa, and Arabia, trans. W. K. Flinders Petrie, pp. 47–55, scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Department of History, California State Fullerton; Professor Arkenberg has modernized the text and it is available via Ancient History Sourcebook
[edit] External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Merneptah |
- Merneptah - Archaeowiki.org
- Merneptah
- Merenptah and Exodus 1
"Merneptah I". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Merneptah_I.
related articles
- Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt
- Twosret
- Chancellor Bay
- Amenmesse
- Merneptah Stele
- Seti II
- Isetnofret
- 1210s BC
- Siptah
- 1209–1200 BC
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